Expression of biologically active polypeptides in duckweed

ABSTRACT

Methods, nucleic acid sequences, and transformed duckweed plant or duckweed nodule cultures for the expression and the secretion of biologically active polypeptides from genetically engineered duckweed are provided. Expression of recombinant polypeptides in duckweed is improved by modifying the nucleotide sequence of the expression cassette encoding the polypeptide for improved expression in duckweed. Recovery of biologically active polypeptides from duckweed is improved by linking the biologically active polypeptide to a signal peptide that directs the secretion of the polypeptide into the culture medium. Methods of producing recombinant monoclonal antibodies having effector function, and antibodies produced by these methods are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/675,011, filed Sep. 30, 2003; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/915,873, filed Jul. 26, 2001; which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/221,705, filed Jul. 31, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/293,330, filed May 23, 2001; each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the expression and the secretion of functional antibodies from genetically engineered duckweed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The duckweeds are the sole members of the monocotyledonous family Lemnaceae. The five genera and 38 species are all small, free-floating, fresh-water plants whose geographical range spans the entire globe (Landolt (1986) Biosystematic Investigation on the Family of Duckweeds: The Family of Lemnaceae—A Monograph Study Geobotanisches Institut ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich, and Les et al. (2002) Systematic Botany 27:221-40). Although the most morphologically reduced plants known, most duckweed species have all the tissues and organs of much larger plants, including roots, stems, flowers, seeds and fronds. Duckweed species have been studied extensively and a substantial literature exists detailing their ecology, systematics, life-cycle, metabolism, disease and pest susceptibility, their reproductive biology, genetic structure, and cell biology. (Hillman (1961) Bot. Review 27: 221; Landolt (1986) Biosystematic Investigation on the Family of Duckweeds: The Family of Lemnaceae—A Monograph Study Geobotanisches Institut ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich).

[0004] The growth habit of the duckweeds is ideal for microbial culturing methods. The plant rapidly proliferates through vegetative budding of new fronds, in a macroscopic manner analogous to asexual propagation in yeast. This proliferation occurs by vegetative budding from meristematic cells. The meristematic region is small and is found on the ventral surface of the frond. Meristematic cells lie in two pockets, one on each side of the frond midvein. The small midvein region is also the site from which the root originates and the stem arises that connects each frond to its mother frond. The meristematic pocket is protected by a tissue flap. Fronds bud alternately from these pockets. Doubling times vary by species and are as short as 20-24 hours (Landolt (1957) Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 67: 271; Chang et al. (1977) Bull. Inst. Chem. Acad. Sin. 24:19; Datko and Mudd (1970) Plant Physiol. 65:16; Venkataraman et al. (1970) Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 62: 316).

[0005] Intensive culture of duckweed results in the highest rates of biomass accumulation per unit time (Landolt and Kandeler (1987) The Family of Lemnaceae—A Monographic Study Vol. 2: Phytochemistry, Physiology, Application, Bibliography, Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich), with dry weight accumulation ranging from 6-15% of fresh weight (Tillberg et al. (1979) Physiol. Plant. 46:5; Landolt (1957) Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 67:271; Stomp, unpublished data). Protein content of a number of duckweed species grown under varying conditions has been reported to range from 15-45% dry weight (Chang et al (1977) Bull. Inst. Chem. Acad. Sin. 24:19; Chang and Chui (1978) Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 89:91; Porath et al. (1979) Aquatic Botany 7:272; Appenroth et al. (1982) Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 177:251). Using these values, the level of protein production per liter of medium in duckweed is on the same order of magnitude as yeast gene expression systems.

[0006] Sexual reproduction in duckweed is controlled by medium components and culturing conditions, including photoperiod and culture density. Flower induction is a routine laboratory procedure with some species. Plants normally self-pollinate, and selfing can be accomplished in the laboratory by gently shaking cultures. By this method, inbred lines of Lemna gibba have been developed. Spontaneous mutations have been identified (Slovin and Cohen (1988) Plant Physiol. 86, 522), and chemical and gamma ray mutagenesis (using EMS or NMU) have been used to produce mutants with defined characteristics. Outcrossing of L. gibba is tedious but can be done by controlled, hand pollination. The genome size of the duckweeds varies from 0.25-1.63 pg DNA/2C with chromosome counts ranging from 20 to 80 and averaging about 40 across the Lemnaceae (Landolt (1986) Biosystematic Investigation on the Family of Duckweeds: The family of Lemnaceae—A Monograph Study Geobatanischen Institut ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich). Ploidy levels are estimated to range from 2-12 C. Id. Genetic diversity within the Lemnaceae has been investigated using secondary products, isozymes, and DNA sequences (McClure and Alston (1966) Nature 4916:311; McClure and Alston (1966) Amer. J. Bot. 53:849; Vasseur et al. (1991) Pl. Syst. Evol. 177:139 (1991); Crawford and Landolt (1993) Syst. Bot. 10:389).

[0007] Duckweed plant or duckweed nodule cultures can be efficiently transformed with an expression cassette containing a nucleotide sequence of interest by any one of a number of methods including Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, ballistic bombardment, or electroporation. Stable duckweed transformants can be isolated by transforming the duckweed cells with both the nucleotide sequence of interest and a gene that confers resistance to a selection agent, followed by culturing the transformed cells in a medium containing the selection agent. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,498 to Stomp et al.

[0008] A duckweed gene expression system provides the pivotal technology that would be useful for a number of research and commercial applications. For plant molecular biology research as a whole, a differentiated plant system that can be manipulated with the laboratory convenience of yeast provides a very fast system in which to analyze the developmental and physiological roles of isolated genes. For commercial production of valuable polypeptides, a duckweed-based system has a number of advantages over existing microbial or cell culture systems. Plants demonstrate post-translational processing that is similar to mammalian cells, overcoming one major problem associated with the microbial cell production of biologically active mammalian polypeptides, and it has been shown by others (Hiatt (1990) Nature 334:469) that plant systems have the ability to assemble multi-subunit proteins, an ability often lacking in microbial systems. Scale-up of duckweed biomass to levels necessary for commercial production of recombinant proteins is faster and more cost efficient than similar scale-up of mammalian cells, and unlike other suggested plant production systems, e.g., soybeans and tobacco, duckweed can be grown in fully contained and controlled biomass production vessels, making the system's integration into existing protein production industrial infrastructure far easier.

[0009] These characteristics make duckweed an ideal choice to develop as an efficient, plant-based system for the production of recombinant proteins. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods and compositions for using the duckweed gene expression system as a tool to produce antibodies having both antigen-recognition activity and effector function.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The present invention is drawn to methods and compositions for the expression and recovery of biologically active recombinant polypeptides using duckweed as the expression system. One aspect of the present invention provides a method for enhanced expression levels of biologically active polypeptides in duckweed, resulting in an increased polypeptide yield and enabling the production of useful quantities of valuable biologically active polypeptides in this system. Another aspect of the invention discloses methods for the directed secretion of biologically active polypeptides from genetically engineered duckweed plant or duckweed nodule cultures.

[0011] It is the novel finding of the present invention that antibodies expressed in Lemna have effector function. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention encompasses a method of producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function in a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture, comprising the steps of: (a) culturing within a duckweed culture medium a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture, wherein said duckweed plant culture or said duckweed nodule culture is stably transformed to express one or more chains of a monoclonal antibody; and (b) collecting the monoclonal antibody from the duckweed culture medium. In particular embodiments, one or more chains of the monoclonal antibody are expressed from a nucleotide sequence comprising a coding sequence for the antibody chain and an operably linked coding sequence for a signal peptide that directs secretion of the antibody chain into the culture medium.

[0012] In some embodiments of this method, the nucleotide sequence has at least one attribute selected from the group consisting of: (a) duckweed-preferred codons in the coding sequence for said polypeptide; (b) duckweed-preferred codons in the coding sequence for said signal peptide; (c) a translation initiation codon that is flanked by a plant-preferred translation initiation context nucleotide sequence; (d) an operably linked nucleotide sequence comprising a plant intron that is inserted upstream of the coding sequence; and (e) an operably linked nucleotide sequence comprising the ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase small subunit 5B gene of Lemna gibba.

[0013] In some embodiments of the above methods, the duckweed-preferred codons are Lemna-preferred codons. In further embodiments, the duckweed-preferred codons are Lemna gibba-preferred codons or Lemna minor-preferred codons. In further embodiments, at least one coding sequence selected from the coding sequence for the biologically active recombinant polypeptide and the coding sequence for the signal peptide comprises between 70-100% Lemna gibba-preferred codons or Lemna minor-25 preferred codons.

[0014] In other embodiments, the invention encompasses a method of producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function, comprising the steps of: (a) culturing a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture, wherein said duckweed plant culture or said duckweed nodule culture is stably transformed to express one or more chains of said monoclonal antibody, and wherein said biologically active recombinant polypeptide is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that has been modified for enhanced expression in duckweed, and (b) collecting said monoclonal antibody from said duckweed plant culture or said duckweed nodule culture.

[0015] In some embodiments of this method, the nucleotide sequence has at least one attribute selected from the group consisting of: (a) duckweed-preferred codons in the coding sequence for said polypeptide; (b) duckweed-preferred codons in the coding sequence for said signal peptide; (c) a translation initiation codon that is flanked by a plant-preferred translation initiation context nucleotide sequence; (d) an operably linked nucleotide sequence comprising a plant intron that is inserted upstream of the coding sequence; and (e) an operably linked nucleotide sequence comprising the ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase small subunit 5B gene of Lemna gibba.

[0016] In some embodiments of this method, the duckweed-preferred codons are Lemna-preferred codons. In further embodiments, the duckweed-preferred codons are Lemna gibba-preferred codons or Lemna minor-preferred codons. In further embodiments, the coding sequence comprises between 70-100% Lemna gibba-preferred codons or Lemna minor-preferred codons.

[0017] In some embodiments of any of the above methods, the duckweed frond culture or duckweed nodule culture expresses and assembles all of the subunits of a multimeric protein. For example, in particular embodiments, the heavy and light of a monoclonal antibody are expressed and assembled in a duckweed frond culture or a duckweed nodule culture.

[0018] It is the novel finding of the present invention that antibodies containing native duckweed glycans have effector function. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the invention encompasses method of producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function, where the method comprises expressing one or more chains of the antibody in a duckweed that has not been genetically modified to alter glycosylation.

[0019] Recombinant monoclonal antibodies produced by any of the above methods are also comprised by the invention.

[0020] In other embodiments, the invention encompasses the stably transformed duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture of any of the above methods. In further embodiments, the stably transformed duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture is selected from the group consisting of the genus Spirodela, genus Wolffia, genus Wolfiella, and genus Lemna. In additional embodiments, the stably transformed duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture is selected from the group consisting of Lemna minor, Lemna miniscula, Lemna aequinoctialis, and Lemna gibba.

[0021] The invention also encompasses a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function, wherein said recombinant monoclonal antibody is produced in duckweed, and compositions comprising this antibody. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0022] These and other aspects of the present invention are disclosed in more detail in the description of the invention given below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023]FIG. 1 show the interferon levels (as determined by a solid phase sandwich immunoassay) in the media and tissue of a transformed duckweed culture, as described in Example 1.

[0024]FIG. 2 show the interferon levels (as determined by a solid phase sandwich immunoassay) in the media and tissue of a transformed duckweed culture, as described in Example 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] In the present invention, methods are disclosed for improving the expression and the recovery of biologically active polypeptides from genetically engineered duckweed plants and duckweed nodule cultures. In one aspect, these methods comprise the steps of

[0026] (1) culturing a stably transformed duckweed plant or a duckweed nodule culture that expresses at least one biologically active polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that has been modified for enhanced expression in duckweed, and recovering the biologically active polypeptide from the duckweed culture. Modifications to the nucleotide sequence that are encompassed by this invention include, but are not limited to, the use of duckweed-preferred codons for the coding sequence, the use of a plant-preferred translation initiation context nucleotide sequence for the translation initiation codon, and the insertion of a nucleotide sequence comprising a plant intron sequence upstream of the sequence encoding the polypeptide.

[0027] (2) Culturing a stably transformed duckweed plant or duckweed nodule culture that expresses at least one biologically active polypeptide comprising a signal sequence that directs secretion of the polypeptide into the culture medium, followed by recovering the biologically active polypeptide from the culture medium. In one embodiment of this method, the nucleotide sequence encoding the biologically active polypeptide is modified for enhanced expression in duckweed. Alternatively, in another embodiment the nucleotide sequence encoding the signal peptide is modified for enhanced expression in duckweed. In one embodiment, the nucleotide sequence encoding both the biologically active polypeptide and the signal peptide are modified for enhanced expression in duckweed.

[0028] As another aspect, the present invention encompasses transformed duckweed plants or duckweed nodule cultures producing biologically active polypeptides according to the methods above.

[0029] In some embodiments, the biologically active polypeptide is an antibody. Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides methods for producing monoclonal antibodies in duckweed, and compositions comprising recombinant monoclonal antibodies produced using duckweed as an expression system.

[0030] Monoclonal antibodies are increasing being used as therapeutic agents to treat human disease. See, for example, King (1999) Curr. Opin. Drug Discovery Dev. 2:110-17; Vaswani and Hamilton (1998) Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 81:105-19; and Holliger and Hoogenboom, Nat. Biotechnology 16:1015-16; each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Although some of these antibodies have therapeutic effects that result solely from antigen binding, for example antibodies that bind to a receptor or ligand to prevent ligand-receptor interactions, other antibodies need effector functions such as the recruitment of the immune system to kill target cells in order to be therapeutically active. See, for example, Clynes et al. (2000) Nat. Med. 6:443-46; Clynes et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:652-56, and Anderson et al. (1997) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25:705-8; each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0031] The antigen-recognition activities and effector functions of antibodies reside in different portions of the antibody molecule. The Fab′ portion of the antibody provides antigen recognition activity, while the Fc portion provides effector functions such as the activation of accessory effector cells including phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils), natural killer cells, and mast cells. Antibodies bind to cells via the Fc region, with a Fc receptor site on the antibody Fc region binding to a Fc receptor (FcR) on a cell. There are a number of Fc receptors that are specific for different classes of antibodies, including IgG (gamma receptors), IgE (eta receptors), IgA (alpha receptors) and IgM (mu receptors). Binding of antibody to Fc receptors on cell surfaces triggers a number of important and diverse biological responses including engulfment and destruction of antibody-coated particles, clearance of immune complexes, lysis of antibody-coated target cells by killer cells (called antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, or ADCC), release of inflammatory mediators, and control of immunoglobulin production.

[0032] It is known in the art that the glycosylation status of the Fc portion of an antibody molecule plays a key role in determining whether an antibody will have effector function. See, for example, Tao and Morrison (1987) J. Immunol. 143:2595-601; Wright and Morrison (1998) J. Immunol. 160:3393-402; Mimura et al. (2000) Mol. Immunol. 37:697-706; Jefferis and Lund (2002) Immunol. Lett. 82:57-65, and Krapp et al. (2003) J. Mol. Biol. 325:979-89; each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Glycosylation of recombinantly-produced antibodies varies depending on the expression system used. See, for example, Raju et al. (2000) Glycobiology 10:477-86. Furthermore, the glycosylation patterns of recombinant proteins produced in transgenic plants is generally different than that observed in mammalian systems (Bardor et al. (1999) Trends Plant Sci. 4:376-380).

[0033] It is the novel finding of the present invention that antibodies having both antigen recognition activity and effector function may be produced by expression in duckweed that has not been genetically modified to alter its glycosylation machinery. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function in duckweed. Also encompassed are recombinant monoclonal antibodies having effector function, where the antibodies are produced in a duckweed expression system. These antibodies may be contained in a composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. Such compositions are useful in a method of treating a subject in need of an antibody having effector function, where the method comprises administering a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function produced in duckweed to a subject in need thereof. The recombinant monoclonal antibodies having effector function according to the invention can be produced in duckweed (such as duckweed fronds or duckweed nodule cultures) that has not been genetically modified to alter any of the endogenous duckweed glycosylation machinery.

[0034] Any antibody may be produced according to the methods of the invention. In one embodiment, the antibody is a therapeutic antibody. Antibodies have been approved for the treatment of a number of disorders, and many additional therapeutic antibodies are in development. See, Brekke and Sandlie (2003) Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 2(3):240, herein incorporated by reference. Examples of therapeutic antibodies that may be expressed by the methods of the invention include anti-CD3 (e.g., OKT®3), anti-platelet gpIIb/IIIa (e.g. ReoPro®), anti-EpCAM (e.g., Panorex®), anti CD20 (e.g. Rituxan®; see U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, herein incorporated by reference), anti II-2 receptor (e.g. Zenapax®, Simulect®), anti-ERBB2 (e.g. Herceptin®, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,464, herein incorporated by reference), anti-TNF-α (e.g. Remicade®), anti-F-protein (e.g. Synagis®), anti-CD33 (e.g. Mylotargg; see U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,001, herein incorporated by reference), anti-CD52 (e.g., Campath®; see U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,534, herein incorporated by reference); anti-CD20 (e.g. Zevalin®), anti IgE Fc (e.g. Xolair®), anti-VEGF (e.g., Avastin®; see, Presta et al. (1997) Cancer Res. 57:4593-9; herein incorporated by reference), anti-EGF-R, anti-IL-8, anti-C5, anti-TNF-α, anti-TGF-β2, anti-IL-2, anti-α-4-integrin, anti-CD4, anti-CD2, anti-HBV, or anti-MHC class II. Many of these antibodies are known to require effector activity for function; for example, Herceptin®, Rituxan®, Mylotarg®, and Campath®.

[0035] Definitions:

[0036] “Polypeptide” refers to any monomeric or multimeric protein or peptide.

[0037] “Biologically active polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide that has the capability of performing one or more biological functions or a set of activities normally attributed to the polypeptide in a biological context. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term “biologically active” includes polypeptides in which the biological activity is altered as compared with the native protein (e.g., suppressed or enhanced), as long as the protein has sufficient activity to be of interest for use in industrial or chemical processes or as a therapeutic, vaccine, or diagnostics reagent. Biological activity can be determined by any method available in the art. For example, the biological activity of members of the interferon family of proteins can be determined by any of a number of methods including their interaction with interferon-specific antibodies, their ability to increase resistance to viral infection, or their ability to modulate the transcription of interferon-regulated gene targets.

[0038] “Nucleotide sequence of interest” as used herein refers to any nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide intended for expression in duckweed. For example, nucleotide sequences encoding therapeutic (e.g., for veterinary or medical uses) or immunogenic (e.g., for vaccination) polypeptides can be expressed using transformed duckweed according to the present invention.

[0039] The terms “expression” or “production” refer to the biosynthesis of a gene product, including the transcription, translation, and assembly of said gene product.

[0040] The term “duckweed” refers to members of the family Lemnaceae. This family currently is divided into five genera and 38 species of duckweed as follows: genus Lemna (L. aequinoctialis, L. disperma, L. ecuadoriensis, L. gibba, L. japonica, L. minor, L. miniscula, L. obscura, L. perpusilla, L. tenera, L. trisulca, L. turionifera, L. valdiviana); genus Spirodela (S. intermedia, S. polyrrhiza); genus Wolffia (Wa. angusta, Wa. arrhiza, Wa. australina, Wa. borealis, Wa. brasiliensis, Wa. columbiana, Wa. elongata, Wa. globosa, Wa. microscopica, Wa. neglecta) genus Wolfiella (Wl. caudata, Wl. denticulata, Wl. gladiata, Wl. hyalina, Wl. lingulata, Wl. repunda, Wl. rotunda, and Wl. neotropica), and genus Landoltia (L. punctata). Any other genera or species of Lemnaceae, if they exist, are also aspects of the present invention. Lemna species can be classified using the taxonomic scheme described by Les et al. (2002) Systematic Botany 27:221-40.

[0041] The term “duckweed nodule culture” as used herein refers to a culture comprising duckweed cells wherein at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the cells are differentiated cells. A “differentiated cell,” as used herein, is a cell with at least one phenotypic characteristic (e.g., a distinctive cell morphology or the expression of a marker nucleic acid or protein) that distinguishes it from undifferentiated cells or from cells found in other tissue types. The differentiated cells of the duckweed nodule culture described herein form a tiled smooth surface of interconnected cells fused at their adjacent cell walls, with nodules that have begun to organize into frond primordium scattered throughout the tissue. The surface of the tissue of the nodule culture has epidermal cells connect to each other via plasmadesmata.

[0042] “Duckweed-preferred codons” as used herein refers to codons that have a frequency of codon usage in duckweed of greater than 17%.

[0043] “Lemna-preferred codons” as used herein refers to codons that have a frequency of codon usage in the genus Lemna of greater than 17%.

[0044] “Lemna gibba-preferred codons” as used herein refers to codons that have a frequency of codon usage in Lemna gibba of greater than 17% where the frequency of codon usage in Lemna gibba was obtained from the Codon Usage Database (GenBank Release 113,0; at www.kazusa.orjp/codon/cgibin/showcodon.cgi?species=Lemna+gibba+[gbpln]).

[0045] “Translation initiation codon” refers to the codon that initiates the translation of the mRNA transcribed from the nucleotide sequence of interest.

[0046] “Translation initiation context nucleotide sequence” as used herein refers to the identity of the three nucleotides directly 5′ of the translation initiation codon.

[0047] “Secretion” as used herein refers to translocation of a polypeptide across both the plasma membrane and the cell wall of a host plant cell.

[0048] “Operably linked” as used herein in reference to nucleotide sequences refers to multiple nucleotide sequences that are placed in a functional relationship with each other. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, in reading frame.

[0049] “Glycosylation” as used herein refers to the process of adding sugar units such as in the addition of glycan chains to proteins. A glycan is a polymer of approximately seven or more monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically in branched or unbranched chains. The “glycosylation machinery” of a plant is the collection of enzymes that play a role in glycosylation. “Endogenous glycosylation” refers to glycosylation of a protein that occurs as the result of activity of enzymes that are naturally expressed in (i.e., not heterologous) the plant.

[0050] An antibody with “effector function” as used herein refers to an antibody capable of activating one or more accessory effector cells. The effector function of an antibody may be measured by any method known in the art, including the rosetting assay described elsewhere herein.

[0051] The term “genetically modified” as used herein refers to a plant cell or plant that is modified in its genetic information by the introduction of one or more foreign polynucleotides, and that the expression of the foreign polynucleotides leads to a phenotypic change in the plant. For example, a plant that is genetically modified to alter glycosylation is modified in its genetic information by the introduction of one or more foreign polynucleotides, where expression of the polynucleotide or polynucleotides leads to a change in glycosylation in the plant.

[0052] A. Expression Cassettes

[0053] According to the present invention, stably transformed duckweed is obtained by transformation with a nucleotide sequence of interest, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more chains of a monoclonal antibody, contained within an expression cassette. The expression cassette comprises a transcriptional initiation region linked to the nucleic acid or gene of interest. Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the gene or genes of interest (e.g., one gene of interest, two genes of interest, etc.) to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may encode a single gene of interest. In particular embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid to be transferred contains two or more expression cassettes, each of which encodes at least one gene of interest.

[0054] The transcriptional initiation region, (e.g., a promoter) may be native or homologous or foreign or heterologous to the host, or could be the natural sequence or a synthetic sequence. By foreign, it is intended that the transcriptional initiation region is not found in the wild-type host into which the transcriptional initiation region is introduced. As used herein a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.

[0055] Any suitable promoter known in the art can be employed according to the present invention (including bacterial, yeast, fungal, insect, mammalian, and plant promoters). For example, plant promoters, including duckweed promoters, may be used. Exemplary promoters include, but are not limited to, the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter, the opine synthetase promoters (e.g., nos, mas, ocs, etc.), the ubiquitin promoter, the actin promoter, the ribulose bisphosphate (RubP) carboxylase small subunit promoter, and the alcohol dehydrogenase promoter. The duckweed RubP carboxylase small subunit promoter is known in the art (Silverthome et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 15:49). Other promoters from viruses that infect plants, preferably duckweed, are also suitable including, but not limited to, promoters isolated from Dasheen mosaic virus, Chlorella virus (e.g., the Chlorella virus adenine methyltransferase promoter; Mitra et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 26:85), tomato spotted wilt virus, tobacco rattle virus, tobacco necrosis virus, tobacco ring spot virus, tomato ring spot virus, cucumber mosaic virus, peanut stump virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, sugarcane baciliform badnavirus and the like.

[0056] Finally, promoters can be chosen to give a desired level of regulation. For example, in some instances, it may be advantageous to use a promoter that confers constitutive expression (e.g, the mannopine synthase promoter from Agrobacterium tumefaciens). Alternatively, in other situations, it may be advantageous to use promoters that are activated in response to specific environmental stimuli (e.g., heat shock gene promoters, drought-inducible gene promoters, pathogen-inducible gene promoters, wound-inducible gene promoters, and light/dark-inducible gene promoters) or plant growth regulators (e.g., promoters from genes induced by abscissic acid, auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellic acid). As a further alternative, promoters can be chosen that give tissue-specific expression (e.g., root, leaf, and floral-specific promoters).

[0057] The overall strength of a given promoter can be influenced by the combination and spatial organization of cis-acting nucleotide sequences such as upstream activating sequences. For example, activating nucleotide sequences derived from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine synthase gene can enhance transcription from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens mannopine synthase promoter (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,646 to Gelvin et al.). In the present invention, the expression cassette can contain activating nucleotide sequences inserted upstream of the promoter sequence to enhance the expression of the nucleotide sequence of interest. In one embodiment, the expression cassette includes three upstream activating sequences derived from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine synthase gene operably linked to a promoter derived from an Agrobacterium tumefaciens mannopine synthase gene (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,646, herein incorporated by reference).

[0058] The transcriptional cassette includes in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region, a nucleotide sequence of interest, and a transcriptional and translational termination region functional in plants. Any suitable termination sequence known in the art may be used in accordance with the present invention. The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the nucleotide sequence of interest, or may be derived from another source. Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthetase and nopaline synthetase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:9627. Additional exemplary termination sequences are the pea RubP carboxylase small subunit termination sequence and the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S termination sequence. Other suitable termination sequences will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0059] Alternatively, the gene(s) of interest can be provided on any other suitable expression cassette known in the art.

[0060] The expression cassettes may contain more than one gene or nucleic acid sequence to be transferred and expressed in the transformed plant. Thus, each nucleic acid sequence will be operably linked to 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences. Alternatively, multiple expression cassettes may be provided.

[0061] Generally, the expression cassette will comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Selectable marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds. Herbicide resistance genes generally code for a modified target protein insensitive to the herbicide or for an enzyme that degrades or detoxifies the herbicide in the plant before it can act. See DeBlock et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:2513; DeBlock et al.(1989) Plant Physiol. 91:691; Fromm et al. (1990) BioTechnology 8:833; Gordon-Kamm et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:603; and Frisch et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 27:405-9. For example, resistance to glyphosphate or sulfonylurea herbicides has been obtained using genes coding for the mutant target enzymes, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and acetolactate synthase (ALS). Resistance to glufosinate ammonium, boromoxynil, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) have been obtained by using bacterial genes encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, a nitrilase, or a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase, which detoxify the respective herbicides.

[0062] For purposes of the present invention, selectable marker genes include, but are not limited to, genes encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (Fraley et al. (1986) CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Science 4:1); neomycin phosphotransferase III (Frisch et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 27:405-9); cyanamide hydratase (Maier-Greiner et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4250); aspartate kinase; dihydrodipicolinate synthase (Perl et al. (1993) BioTechnology 11:715); bar gene (Toki et al. (1992) Plant Physiol. 100:1503; Meagher et al. (1996) Crop Sci. 36:1367); tryptophan decarboxylase (Goddijn et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 22:907); neomycin phosphotransferase (NEO; Southern et al. (1982) J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1:327); hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT or HYG; Shimizu et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1074); dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR; Kwok et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:4552); phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (DeBlock et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:2513); 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase (Buchanan-Wollatron et al. (1989) J. Cell. Biochem. 13D:330); acetohydroxyacid synthase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,761,373 to Anderson et al.; Haughn et al. (1988) Mol. Gen. Genet. 221:266); 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-phosphate synthase (aroA; Comai et al. (1985) Nature 317:741); haloarylnitrilase (WO 87/04181 to Stalker et al.); acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (Parker et al. (1990) Plant Physiol. 92:1220); dihydropteroate synthase (suII; Guerineau et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 15:127); and 32 kDa photosystem II polypeptide (psbA; Hirschberg et al. (1983) Science 222:1346 (1983).

[0063] Also included are genes encoding resistance to: gentamycin (e.g., aacC1, Wohlleben et al. (1989) Mol. Gen. Genet. 217:202-208); chloramphenicol (Herrera-Estrella et al. (1983) EMBO J. 2:987); methotrexate (Herrera-Estrella et al. (1983) Nature 303:209; Meijer et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 16:807); hygromycin (Waldron et al. (1985) Plant Mol. Biol. 5:103; Zhijian et al. (1995) Plant Science 108:219; Meijer et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Bio. 16:807); streptomycin (Jones et al. (1987) Mol. Gen. Genet. 210:86); spectinomycin (Bretagne-Sagnard et al. (1996) Transgenic Res. 5:131); bleomycin (Hille et al. (1986) Plant Mol. Biol. 7:171); sulfonamide (Guerineau et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Bio. 15:127); bromoxynil (Stalker et al. (1988) Science 242:419); 2,4-D (Streber et al. (1989) BioTechnology 7:811); phosphinothricin (DeBlock et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:2513); spectinomycin (Bretagne-Sagnard and Chupeau, Transgenic Research 5:131).

[0064] The bar gene confers herbicide resistance to glufosinate-type herbicides, such as phosphinothricin (PPT) or bialaphos, and the like. As noted above, other selectable markers that could be used in the vector constructs include, but are not limited to, the pat gene, also for bialaphos and phosphinothricin resistance, the ALS gene for imidazolinone resistance, the HPH or HYG gene for hygromycin resistance, the EPSP synthase gene for glyphosate resistance, the Hm1 gene for resistance to the Hc-toxin, and other selective agents used routinely and known to one of ordinary skill in the art. See Yarranton (1992) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 3:506; Chistopherson et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6314; Yao et al. (1992) Cell 71:63; Reznikoff (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6:2419; Barkley et al. (1980) The Operon 177-220; Hu et al. (1987) Cell 48:555; Brown et al. (1987) Cell 49:603; Figge et al. (1988) Cell 52:713; Deuschle et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5400; Fuerst et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2549; Deuschle et al. (1990) Science 248:480; Labow et al. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol 10:3343; Zambretti et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3952; Baim et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5072; Wyborski et al. (1991) Nuc. Acids Res. 19:4647; Hillenand-Wissman (1989) Topics in Mol. And Struc. Biol. 10:143; Degenkolb et al. (1991) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1591; Kleinschnidt et al. (1988) Biochemistry 27:1094; Gatz et al. (1992) Plant J. 2:397; Gossen et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547; Oliva et al. (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:913; Hlavka et al. (1985) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 78; and Gill et al. (1988) Nature 334:721. Such disclosures are herein incorporated by reference.

[0065] The above list of selectable marker genes are not meant to be limiting. Any lethal or non-lethal selectable marker gene can be used in the present invention.

[0066] B. Modification of Nucleotide Sequences for Enhanced Expression in Duckweed

[0067] The present invention provides for the modification of the expressed nucleotide sequence to enhance its expression in duckweed. One such modification is the synthesis of the nucleotide sequence of interest using duckweed-preferred codons. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing nucleotide sequences with plant-preferred codons. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831 and 5,436,391; Perlak et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 15:3324; Iannacome et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 34:485; and Murray et al., (1989) Nucleic Acids. Res. 17:477, herein incorporated by reference. The preferred codons may be determined from the codons of highest frequency in the proteins expressed in duckweed. For example, the frequency of codon usage for Lemna gibba is found on the web page: www.kazusa.orjp/codon/cgi-bin/showcodon.cgi?species=Lemna+gibba+[gbpln], and the frequency of codon usage for Lemna minor is found on the web page www.kazusa.orjp/codon/cgibin/showcodon.cgi?species=Lemna+minor+[gbpln] and in Table 1. It is recognized that genes that have been optimized for expression in duckweed and other monocots can be used in the methods of the invention. See, e.g., EP 0 359 472, EP 0 385 962, WO 91/16432; Perlak et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3324; Iannacome et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 34:485; and Murray et al. (1989) Nuc. Acids Res. 17:477, and the like, herein incorporated by reference. It is further recognized that all or any part of the gene sequence may be optimized or synthetic. In other words, fully optimized or partially optimized sequences may also be used. For example, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of the codons may be duckweed-preferred codons. In one embodiment, between 90 and 96% of the codons are duckweed-preferred codons. The coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence of interest may comprise codons used with a frequency of at least 17% in Lemna gibba. In one embodiment, the modified nucleotide sequence is the human α-2B-interferon encoding nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, which contains 93% duckweed preferred codons. TABLE 1 Lemna gibba-preferred codons from GenBank Release 113 UUU 2.2 (  4) UCU 0.5 (   1) UAU 2.2 (   4) UGU 0.0 (  0) UUC 50.5 ( 92) UCC 31.9 (  58) UAC 40.1 (  73) UGC 17.6 ( 32) UUA 0.0 (  0) UCA 0.5 (   1) UAA 3.8 (   7) UGA 1.6 (  3) UUG 2.7 (  5) UCG 15.4 (  28) UAG 0.0 (   0) UGG 24.2 ( 44) CUU 0.5 (  1) CCU 6.6 (  12) CAU 0.5 (   1) CGU 1.1 (  2) CUC 39.0 ( 71) CCC 43.4 (  79) CAC 6.6 (  12) CGC 26.9 ( 49) CUA 1.1 (  2) CCA 2.2 (   4) CAA 4.4 (   8) CGA 1.1 (  2) CUG 22.5 ( 41) CCG 20.9 (  38) CAG 26.9 (  49) CGG 7.7 ( 14) AUU 0.0 (  0) ACU 3.3 (   6) AAU 1.1 (   2) AGU 0.0 (  0) AUC 33.5 ( 61) ACC 26.4 (  48) AAC 37.9 (  69) AGC 22.0 ( 40) AUA 0.0 (  0) ACA 0.5 (   1) AAA 0.0 (   0) AGA 4.9 (  9) AUG 33.5 ( 61) ACG 9.3 (  17) AAG 57.1 ( 104) AGG 6.0 ( 11) GUU 9.3 ( 17) GCU 7.1 (  13) GAU 1.6 (   3) GGU 1.1 (  2) GUC 28.0 ( 51) GCC 73.6 ( 134) GAC 38.4 (  70) GGC 46.7 ( 85) GUA 0.0 (  0) GCA 5.5 (  10) GAA 2.2 (   4) GGA 1.1 (  2) GUG 34.0 ( 62) GCG 20.9 (  38) GAG 62.6 ( 114) GGG 27.5 ( 50)

[0068] Other modifications can also be made to the nucleotide sequence of interest to enhance its expression in duckweed. These modifications include, but are not limited to, elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well characterized sequences which may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence may be modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.

[0069] There are known differences between the optimal translation initiation context nucleotide sequences for translation initiation codons in animals and plants and the composition of these translation initiation context nucleotide sequence can influence the efficiency of translation initiation. See, for example, Lukaszewicz et al. (2000) Plant Science 154:89-98; and Joshi et al. (1997); Plant Mol. Biol. 35:993-1001. In the present invention, the translation initiation context nucleotide sequence for the translation initiation codon of the nucleotide sequence of interest may be modified to enhance expression in duckweed. In one embodiment, the nucleotide sequence is modified such that the three nucleotides directly upstream of the translation initiation codon of the nucleotide sequence of interest are “ACC.” In a second embodiment, these nucleotides are “ACA.”

[0070] Expression of a transgene in duckweed can also be enhanced by the use of 5′ leader sequences. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, picomavirus leaders, e.g., EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region; Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 86:6126); potyvirus leaders, e.g., TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus; Allison et al. (1986) Virology 154:9); human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP; Macajak and Sarnow (1991) Nature 353:90); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4; Jobling and Gehrke (1987) Nature 325:622); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV; Gallie (1989) Molecular Biology of RNA, 23:56); potato etch virus leader (Tomashevskaya et al. (1993) J. Gen. Virol. 74:2717-2724); Fed-1 5′ untranslated region (Dickey (1992) EMBO J. 11:2311-2317); RbcS 5′ untranslated region (Silverthome et al. (1990) J. Plant. Mol. Biol. 15:49-58); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV; Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiology 84:965. Leader sequence comprising plant intron sequence, including intron sequence from the maize dehydrogenase 1 gene, the castor bean catalase gene, or the Arabidopsis tryptophan pathway gene PAT1 has also been shown to increase translational efficient in plants (Callis et al. (1987) Genes Dev. 1:1183-1200; Mascarenhas et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 15:913-920). In one embodiment of the present invention, nucleotide sequence corresponding to nucleotides 1222-1775 of the maize alcohol dehydrogenase 1 gene (GenBank Accession Number X04049), set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, is inserted upstream of the nucleotide sequence of interest to enhance the efficiency of its translation. In another embodiment, the expression vector contains the leader from the Lemna gibba ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase small subunit 5B gene (Buzby et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:805-814).

[0071] It is recognized that any of the duckweed expression-enhancing nucleotide sequence modifications described above can be used in the present invention, including any single modification or any possible combination of modifications. The phrase “modified for enhanced expression in duckweed” as used herein refers to a nucleotide sequence that contains any one or any combination of these modifications.

[0072] C. Signal Peptides

[0073] Secreted proteins are usually translated from precursor polypeptides that include a “signal peptide” that interacts with a receptor protein on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to direct the translocation of the growing polypeptide chain across the membrane and into the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion from the cell. This signal peptide is often cleaved from the precursor polypeptide to produce a “mature” polypeptide lacking the signal peptide. In an embodiment of the present invention, a biologically active polypeptide is expressed in duckweed from a nucleotide sequence that is operably linked with a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide that directs secretion of the polypeptide into the culture medium. Plant signal peptides that target protein translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum (for secretion outside of the cell) are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,169 to Lee et al. In the present invention, any plant signal peptide can be used to in target polypeptide expression to the ER. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is the Arabidopsis thaliana basic endochitinase signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:8; amino acids 14-34 of NCBI Protein Accession No. BAA82823), the extensin signal peptide (Stiefel et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:785-793), the rice α-amylase signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:6; amino acids 1-31 of NCBI Protein Accession No. AAA33885), or a modified rice α-amylase signal sequence (SEQ ID NO:7). In another embodiment, the signal peptide corresponds to the signal peptide of a secreted duckweed protein.

[0074] Alternatively, a mammalian signal peptide can be used to target recombinant polypeptides expressed in genetically engineered duckweed for secretion. It has been demonstrated that plant cells recognize mammalian signal peptides that target the endoplasmic reticulum, and that these signal peptides can direct the secretion of polypeptides not only through the plasma membrane but also through the plant cell wall. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,202,422 and 5,639,947 to Hiatt et al. In one embodiment of the present invention, the mammalian signal peptide that targets polypeptide secretion is the human α-2b-interferon signal peptide (amino acids 1-23 of NCBI Protein Accession No. AAB59402 and SEQ ID NO:4).

[0075] In one embodiment, the nucleotide sequence encoding the signal peptide is modified for enhanced expression in duckweed, utilizing any modification or combination of modifications disclosed in section B above for the nucleotide sequence of interest. In another embodiment, the signal peptide the rice α-amylase encoded by the modified nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, which contains approximately 93% duckweed preferred codons.

[0076] The secreted biologically active polypeptide can be harvested from the culture medium by any conventional means known in the art and purified by chromatography, electrophoresis, dialysis, solvent-solvent extraction, and the like.

[0077] D. Transformed Duckweed Plants and Duckweed Nodule Cultures

[0078] The stably transformed duckweed utilized in this invention can be obtained by any method known in the art. In one embodiment, the stably transformed duckweed is obtained by one of the gene transfer methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,498 to Stomp et al., herein incorporated by reference. These methods include gene transfer by ballistic bombardment with microprojectiles coated with a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of interest, gene transfer by electroporation, and gene transfer mediated by Agrobacterium comprising a vector comprising the nucleotide sequence of interest. In one embodiment, the stably transformed duckweed is obtained via any one of the Agrobacterium-mediated methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,498 to Stomp et al. The Agrobacterium used is Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes.

[0079] Stably transformed duckweed plants may also be obtained by chloroplast transformation. See, for example, U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/492,179, filed Aug. 1, 2003, entitled “Chloroplast transformation of duckweed.” Stably transformed duckweed lines may also be produced using plant virus expression vectors. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,980 and Koprowski and Yusibov (2001) Vaccine 19:2735-2741.

[0080] It is preferred that the stably transformed duckweed plants utilized in these methods exhibit normal morphology and are fertile by sexual reproduction. Preferably, transformed plants of the present invention contain a single copy of the transferred nucleic acid, and the transferred nucleic acid has no notable rearrangements therein. Also preferred are duckweed plants in which the transferred nucleic acid is present in low copy numbers (i.e., no more than five copies, alternately, no more than three copies, as a further alternative, fewer than three copies of the nucleic acid per transformed cell).

[0081] The stably transformed duckweed expresses a recombinant monoclonal antibody, a biologically active protein hormone, growth factor, or cytokine, insulin, or growth hormone (in particular, human growth hormone). Alternatively, the duckweed expresses biologically active β-glucuronidase. The duckweed may express biologically active α-2b-interferon, for example human α-2b-interferon precursor (NCBI Protein Accession No. AAB59402; set forth in SEQ ID NO:4) or mature human α-2b-interferon (amino acids 24-188 of NCBI Protein Accession No. AAB9402; set forth in SEQ ID NO:5) or biologically active variants thereof.

[0082] By “biologically active variant” of human α-2b-interferon is intended a polypeptide derived from the native polypeptide by deletion (so-called truncation) or addition of one or more amino acids to the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end of the native protein; deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein; or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein. Biologically active variant α-2b-interferon polypeptides encompassed by the present invention are biologically active, that is they continue to possess the desired biological activity of the native α-2b-interferon including the ability to increase resistance to viral infection, or the ability to modulate the transcription of α-2b-interferon-regulated gene targets. Such biologically active variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologically active variants of a native α-2b-interferon protein of the invention will have at least about 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, generally at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, preferably at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, and more preferably at least about 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5. Thus, a biologically active variant of an α-2b-interferon of the invention may differ from that protein by as few as 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10, such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue. Examples of biologically active variants of human α-interferon are known in the art. See, for example, European patent EP211148B1, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,748,233, 4,801,685, 4,816,566, 4,973,479, 4,975,276, 5,089,400, 5,098,703, 5,231,176, and 5,869,293; herein incorporated by reference.

[0083] The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity and percent similarity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. In a preferred embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453 algorithm, which is incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at www.accelrys.com), using either a BLOSSUM62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another preferred embodiment, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package, using a BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915) and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. A particularly preferred set of parameters (and the one that should be used if the practitioner is uncertain about what parameters should be applied to determine if a molecule is within a sequence identity limitation of the invention) is using a BLOSUM62 scoring matrix with a gap weight of 60 and a length weight of 3).

[0084] The percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences can also be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (1989) CABIOS 4:11-17 which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.

[0085] In one embodiment, the stably transformed duckweed plants or duckweed nodule cultures express biologically active polypeptides that cannot effectively be commercially produced by existing gene expression systems, because of cost or logistical constraints, or both. For example, some proteins cannot be expressed in mammalian systems because the protein interferes with cell viability, cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, or protein assembly in mammalian cells. Such proteins include, but are not limited to, retinoblastoma protein, p53, angiostatin, and leptin. The present invention can be advantageously employed to produce mammalian regulatory proteins; it is unlikely given the large evolutionary distance between higher plants and mammals that these proteins will interfere with regulatory processes in duckweed. Transgenic duckweed can also be used to produce large quantities of proteins such as serum albumin (in particular, human serum albumin), hemoglobin, and collagen, which challenge the production capabilities of existing expression systems.

[0086] Finally, higher plant systems can be engineered to produce biologically active multimeric proteins (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, hemoglobin, P450 oxidase, and collagen, and the like) far more easily than can mammalian systems. One exemplary approach for producing biologically active multimeric proteins in duckweed uses an expression vector containing the genes encoding all of the polypeptide subunits. See, e.g., During et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 15:281 and van Engelen et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 26:1701. This vector is then introduced into duckweed cells using any known transformation method, such as a ballistic bombardment or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. This method results in clonal cell lines that express all of the polypeptides necessary to assemble the multimeric protein. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the transformed duckweed contains one or more expression vectors encoding the heavy and light chain of a monoclonal antibody or Fab′ antibody fragment, and the monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment is assembled in the duckweed plant from the expressed heavy and light chain.

[0087] A variation on this approach is to make single gene constructs, mix DNA from these constructs together, then deliver this mixture of DNAs into plant cells using ballistic bombardment or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. As a further variation, some or all of the vectors may encode more than one subunit of the multimeric protein (i.e., so that there are fewer duckweed clones to be crossed than the number of subunits in the multimeric protein). In an alternative embodiment, each duckweed clone expresses at least one of the subunits of the multimeric protein, and duckweed clones secreting each subunit are cultured together and the multimeric protein is assembled in the media from the various secreted subunits. In some instances, it may be desirable to produce less than all of the subunits of a multimeric protein, or even a single protein subunit, in a transformed duckweed plant or duckweed nodule culture, e.g., for industrial or chemical processes or for diagnostic, therapeutic, or vaccination purposes.

Experimental

[0088] The following examples are offered for purposes of illustration, not by way of limitation.

[0089] Expression Vectors

[0090] The expression vector pBMSP-1 used in some of the examples is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,646, herein incorporated by reference. The pBMSP-1 transcriptional cassette contains three copies of a transcriptional activating nucleotide sequence derived from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine synthase and, an additional transcriptional activating nucleotide sequence derived from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens mannopine synthase gene, a promoter region derived from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens mannopine synthase gene, a polylinker site for insertion of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest, and a termination sequence derived from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase gene (see, van Engelen et al. (1995) 4:288-290; Ni et al. (1995) Plant J. 7:661-76; and Luehrsen et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 225:81-93, each of which is herein incorporated by reference). The pBMSP-1 expression vector also contains a nucleotide sequence coding for neomycin phosphotransferase II as a selectable marker. Transcription of the selectable marker sequence is driven by a promoter derived from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase gene.

[0091] The expression vector pBMSP-3, also used in some of the following examples, contains the components of the pBMSP-1 expression vector described above and additionally contains a nucleotide sequence corresponding to nucleotides 1222-1775 of the maize alcohol dehydrogenase gene (GenBank Accession Number X04049) inserted between the promoter and the polylinker. This sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0092] Expression Constructs for the Production of Human α-2b-Interferon in Duckweed

[0093] Table 2 shows the expression constructs used for the production of human α-interferon in duckweed. TABLE 2 Construct Expression Name Vector Signal Peptide Interferon-encoding Sequence IFN01 pBMSP-1 None Non-optimized interferon (SEQ ID NO: 9; nucleotides 580-1077 of GenBank Accession No. J00207) IFN02 pBMSP-3 Non-optimized interferon Non-optimized interferon (SEQ ID NO: 10; nucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 9; nucleotides 580-1077 511-579 of GenBank Accession of GenBank Accession No. No. J00207) J00207) IFN03 pBMSP-3 Arabidopsis thaliana Non-optimized interferon endochitinase (SEQ ID NO: 11; (SEQ ID NO: 9; nucleotides 580-1077 nucleotides 338-399 of GenBank of GenBank Accession No. Accession number AB023460 J00207) with an additional “A” added to the 3′ end of the sequence) IFN05 pBMSP-3 Modified rice α-amylase* Non-optimized interferon (encoding the amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 9; nucleotides 580-1077 sequence shown in SEQ ID of GenBank Accession No. NO: 7) J00207) IFN07 pBMSP-3 Wild type rice α-amylase Non-optimized interferon (nucleotides 34-126 of GenBank (SEQ ID NO: 9; nucleotides 580-1077 Accession No. M24286, of GenBank Accession No. encoding the amino acid J00207) sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6) IFN08 pBMSP-3 Optimized wild type rice Non-optimized interferon α-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 3) (SEQ ID NO: 9; nucleotides 580-1077 of GenBank Accession No. J00207) IFN09 pBMSP-3 Optimized wild type rice Optimized interferon α-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 3) (SEQ ID NO: 2) IFN10 pBMSP-3 None Optimized interferon (SEQ ID NO: 2) IFN11 pBMSP-1 Optimized wild type rice Optimized interferon α-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 3) (SEQ ID NO: 2) IFN12 pBMSP-1 None Optimized interferon (SEQ ID NO: 2) IFN053 modified Optimized wild type rice Optimized interferon pBMSP-3** α-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 3) (SEQ ID NO: 2)

[0094] Transformation of Duckweed

[0095] Duckweed fronds or duckweed nodule cultures (derived from Lemna minor strain 8627 in these examples) are transformed with the expression constructs described above using Agrobacteria-mediated transformation methods. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58Z707, a disarmed, broad host range C58 strain (Hepburn et al. (1985) J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:2961-2969) is used for transformation in these examples. The expression constructs described above are mobilized into A. tumefaciens by electroporation, or by a triparental mating procedure using E. coli MM294 harboring the mobilizing plasmid pRK2013 (Hoekema et al. (1983) Nature 303: 179-180; Ditta et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7347-7350). C58Z707 strains comprising the expression constructs described above are streaked on AB minimal medium (Chilton et al., (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 3672-3676) or in YEB medium (1 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L beef extract, 5 g/L peptone, 5 g/L sucrose, 0.5 g/L MgSO₄) containing streptomycin at 500 mg/L, spectinomycin at 50 mg/L and kanamycin sulfate at 50 mg/L and grown overnight at 28° C.

[0096] In these examples, Lemna minor strain 8627 is used for transformation although any Lemna strain can be used. Fronds are grown on liquid Schenk and Hildebrandt medium (Schenk and Hildebrandt (1972) Can. J. Bot. 50:199) containing 1% sucrose and 10 μM indoleacetic acid at 23° C. under a 16-hour light/8-hour dark photoperiod with light intensity of approximately 40 μM/m²·sec. For inoculation, individual fronds are separated from clumps and floated in inoculation media for approximately 2 to 20 minutes. The inoculating medium is Schenk and Hildebrandt medium (pH 5.6) supplemented with 0.6 M mannitol and 100 μM acetosyringone, with the appropriate Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain comprising the expression construct present at a concentration of about 1×10⁹cells/ml. These fronds are then transferred to Schenk and Hildebrandt medium (pH 5.6) containing 1% sucrose, 0.9% agar, and 20 mg/L acetosyringone and are co-cultivated for 3 or 4 days in the dark at 23° C.

[0097] Following co-cultivation, the fronds are transferred for recovery to Schenk and Hildebrandt medium or Murashige and Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol. Plant. 15:473) supplemented with 200 μg/ml kanamycin sulfate. Fronds are decontaminated from infecting Agrobacteria by transferring the infected tissue to fresh medium with antibiotic every 2-4 days. The fronds are incubated on this medium for approximately four weeks under conditions of low light (1-5 μM/m²·sec).

[0098] Duckweed nodule cultures for transformation are produced as follows. Duckweed fronds are separated, the roots are cut off with a sterile scalpel, and the fronds are placed, ventral side down, on Murashige and Skoog medium (catalog number M-5519; Sigma Chemical Corporation, St. Louis, Mo.) pH 5.6, supplemented with 5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.5 μM 1-Phenyl-3(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl) urea thidiazuron (Sigma P6186), 3% sucrose, 0.4 Difco Bacto-agar (Fisher Scientific), and 0.15% Gelrite (Sigma). Fronds are grown for 5-6 weeks. At this time, the nodules (small, yellowish cell masses) appear, generally from the central part of the ventral side. This nodule tissue is detached from the mother frond and cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.4% Difco Bacto-agar, 0.15% Gelrite, 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2 μM benzyladenine.

[0099] Duckweed nodule cultures are transformed as follows. The appropriate Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain is grown on potato dextrose agar or YEB agar with 50 mg/L kanamycin and 100 μM acetosyringone, and resuspended in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.6 M Mannitol and 100 μM acetosyringone. Nodule culture tissue is inoculated by immersing in the solution of resuspended bacteria for 1-2 minutes, blotted to remove excess fluid, and plated on co-cultivation medium consisting of Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with auxin and cytokinin optimized to promote nodule growth and 100 μM acetosyringone. See, Yamamoto et al. (2001) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant 37:349-353.

[0100] For selection, nodule culture tissue is transferred to regeneration medium Murashige and Skoog medium with 3% sucrose, 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate, 2 μM benzyladenine, 0.4% Difco Bacto-Agar, 0.15% Gelrite 500 mg/L cefotaxime, and 200 mg/L kanamycin sulfate and cultured for approximately four weeks under continuous light (20-40 μM/m²·sec). The nodule tissue is transferred every 7 days to fresh culture medium. Selection is complete when the nodule tissue shows vigorous growth on the selection agent. In some examples, the transformed duckweed nodule cultures are transferred directly to regeneration medium for selection, instead of undergoing selection in co-cultivation medium.

[0101] For regeneration of transformed duckweed, the selected nodule culture is transferred to regeneration medium (0.5× Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 1% sucrose and 200 mgs/L kanamycin) to organize and produce plants. The nodule culture is incubated on regeneration medium under full light for approximately 3 weeks, until fronds appear. Fully organized fronds are transferred to liquid Schenk and Hildebrandt medium with 1-3% sucrose and incubated under full light for further clonal proliferation.

[0102] Detection of Biologically-Active Interferon Produced from Duckweed Fronds or Duckweed Nodule Culture

[0103] Biologically-active interferon is detected by various assays, including a solid phase sandwich immunoassay as described in Staehlin et al. (1981) Methods Enzymol. 79:589-594 and Kelder et al. (1986) Methods Enzymol. 119:582-587, herein incorporated by reference, and a cytopathic effect inhibition assay (described in Tovey et al. (1978) Nature 276:270-272, herein incorporated by reference. Secreted interferon is collected from the duckweed culture medium, while non-secreted interferon is collected from ground-up or lysed duckweed plants or duckweed nodule tissue.

[0104] A solid phase sandwich immunoassay for interferon was performed using a kit from PBL Laboratories (New Brunswick, N.J.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, interferon is captured by an antibody bound to the microtiter plate wells. A second antibody is then used to reveal the bound antibody. An anti-secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is then used to mark the interferon. Tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) initiates a peroxidase-catalyzed color change so that the interferon level can be observed and compared with a standard. A monoclonal antibody specific for α-2b-interferon (Cat. No. 11105, PBL Laboratories) is used for this assay in the present examples.

[0105] A cytopathic effect inhibition assay was performed according to the methods of Tovey et al. (1978) Nature 276:270-272. Briefly, serial two-fold dilutions of the preparation to be assayed are diluted in a 96 well microtiter plate (Falcon Inc) in a volume of 100 μl of Eagles minimal essential medium (Life Technologies Inc) supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum (Life Technologies Inc) in parallel with serial two fold dilutions of the US National Institutes of Health human IFN alpha international reference preparation (G-002-901-527). Twenty thousand human amnion cells (line WISH) are then added to each well of the microtiter plate in a volume of 100 μl of medium with 2% fetal calf serum. The cells are incubated over-night in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air at 37° C., the medium is removed and replaced with 200 μl of medium with 2% fetal calf serum containing vesicular stomatitis virus at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1. The cells are further incubated over-night in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air at 37° C. and the cytopathic effect due to virus replication is then evaluated under a light microscope. Interferon titers are expressed as the reciprocal of the IFN dilution which gave 50% protection against the cytopathic effects of the virus. Interferon titers are expressed in international reference units by reference to the titer of the reference preparation.

[0106] The following examples demonstrate the expression of biologically active interferon, human growth hormone, and antibodies in duckweed.

EXAMPLE 1

[0107] A study was performed to determine culture IFN levels in media and tissue at various time points in a batch culture. A set of 20-30 ml 175 oz.-culture jars were inoculated on Day 0 with 20 fronds of a line previously identified as expressing detectable levels of human α-2b-interferon (IFN). The cultures were grown under autotrophic, buffered conditions with continuous high light provided by plant/aquarium fluorescent grow bulbs. At each time point—days 5, 7, 13, 15, and 18—the fresh weight and media volume were measured for four cultures. From each culture, media and tissue samples were obtained and a plant protease inhibitor cocktail was added. The tissue samples were ground and spun cold. The supernatant was collected. Media and tissue extracts were stored at −70° C. until all samples were collected. IFN levels in media and tissue extracts were determined on the same day using the solid phase sandwich immunoassay described above. Total culture IFN in media and tissue was calculated by multiplying measured IFN concentrations and the volume of media and the fresh weight for the culture, respectively. FIG. 1 shows the relative IFN levels on days 7, 13, 15, and 18 compared to day 5. The last time point represents the average value for three cultures instead of four due to loss of one culture.

EXAMPLE 2

[0108] A study was performed to determine culture IFN levels in media and tissue at various time points in a batch culture. A set of 24-30 ml 175 oz.-culture jars were inoculated on Day 0 with 20 fronds of the same line as in Example 1. The cultures were grown under autotrophic, unbuffered conditions with continuous high light provided by plant/aquarium fluorescent grow bulbs. At each time point—days 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, and 19—the fresh weight and media volume were measured for four cultures. From each culture, media and tissue samples were obtained and a plant protease inhibitor cocktail was added. The tissue samples were ground and spun cold. The supernatant was collected. Media and tissue extracts were stored at −70° C. until all samples were collected. IFN levels in media and tissue extracts were determined on the same day using the solid phase sandwich immunoassay described above. Total culture IFN in media and tissue was calculated by multiplying measured IFN concentrations and the volume of media and the fresh weight for the culture, respectively. FIG. 2 shows the relative IFN levels on days 14, 17, and 19 compared to day 12. Media IFN levels on day 7 and day 10 were below the range of the extended range protocol for the immunoassay.

EXAMPLE 3

[0109] Duckweed lines transformed with the expression constructs listed in Table 2 were produced using the methods described above. These transformed duckweed lines were grown for 14 days under autotrophic conditions. Bovine serum albumin at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml was included in the growth media. On day 14, media and tissue extracts were prepared as described in Example 1, and the interferon levels in these extracts were determined using the solid phase sandwich immunoassay as described above. Table 3 gives the number of clonal duckweed lines assayed and the mean media interferon concentration for each expression construct. Table 4 shows the interferon levels within the duckweed tissue for the duckweed lines transformed with the interferon expression constructs that did not contain a signal peptide (IFN01, IFN10, and IFN12). Both the mean interferon level for all clonal lines assayed for the designated construct, and the interferon level for the top-expressing line are shown. TABLE 3 Mean Interferon Expression # of Clonal Lines Concentration Construct Tested (ng/ml) IFN01 41 0 IFN02 75 2.3 IFN03 41 0.18 IFN05 44 2.5 IFN07 41 1.5 IFN08 41 1.4 IFN09 41 30.3 IFN10 41 0 IFN11 39 9.9 IFN12 41 0

[0110] TABLE 4 Mean Value Top Expresser % of total % of total IFN Construct soluble protein soluble protein IFN01 0.00003 0.0001 IFN10 0.00064 0.0074 IFN12 0.00014 0.001

[0111] The biological activity of the interferon produced by these transformed duckweed lines was assayed by the cytopathic effect inhibition assay described above. Table 5 gives the results for the top expressing line for each construct. The interferon activity is shown for the media for those constructs containing a signal peptide and the tissue for those constructs lacking a signal peptide. TABLE 5 Top Expresser Source IU/ml (media) IFN Construct material IU/mg total protein (tissue) IFN01 Tissue 40 IFN02 Media 16,000 IFN03 Media 320 IFN05 Media 6,400 IFN07 Media 6,000 IFN08 Media 3,200 IFN09 Media 200,000 IFN10 Tissue 19,300 IFN11 Media 30,000 IFN12 Tissue 150

[0112] The following features can be noted for the data in this example: (1) Secretion of interferon was detected only for those duckweed lines transformed with expression constructs containing a signal peptide. Compare, for example, the media interferon concentration for IFN02, IFN03, IFN05, IFN07, IFN08, IFN 09 and IFN011 with that for IFN01, IFN10, and IFN12. (2) Secretion of interferon was detected for all expression constructs containing a signal peptide, with the native human interferon signal sequence producing the highest level of secreted interferon. Compare, for example, the interferon levels produced by IFN02 with those produced by IFN03 and IFN05. (3) The use of duckweed-preferred codons leads to enhanced interferon expression. Compare, for example, the interferon levels produced by IFN09 with those for IFN05. (4) Higher expression levels were achieved by the codon optimization of more than just the signal peptide. Compare, for example, IFN08 with IFN09. (5) Including the maize alcohol dehydrogenase intron sequence in the expression construct resulted in higher levels of interferon expression. Compare, for example, IFN09 with IFN11 and IFN10 with IFN12. (6) No statistically significant difference was observed between the interferon levels expressed from the construct containing the modified a-amylase signal peptide (IFN05) in comparison with that containing the wild-type alpha amylase signal peptide (IFN07).

EXAMPLE 4

[0113] A study was performed to determine the levels of IFN expressed from transgenic duckweed grown at bioproduction scales. Transgenic duckweed plants were generated using IFN expression constructs IFN02, IFN05, IFN09, IFN10, and IFN53 (see Table 2). A minimum of 40 independent transgenic lines was screened for each of these constructs. The lines producing the highest levels of IFN expression were analyzed further. The concentration of IFN in the media and tissue was determined by ELISA as described elsewhere herein.

[0114] Table 6 summarizes the IFN expression on both research and bioproduction scales for the constructs described above. Because Lemna is unique in that it grows in a very dilute inorganic media with a low protein content, the expression values in this Table are defined by the pre-purification titer. In the case of IFN53, IFN represents over 30% of the total media proteins. TABLE 6 Expression of IFN in Lemna Mean Average Concentration for Media IFN 2 Week Screening concentration for Top Trials (determined Expressing Line (mg/L)^(c) by ELISA)^(b) Research Research Bio- Tissue Expression Scale Scale production Media (mg/kg construct (2 weeks) (3 weeks) Scale (mg/L)^(c) tissue)^(a) IFN02 2.0 — — 0.12 23.3 IFN05 1.1 — — 0.13 86.7 IFN09 24.8  60  30 1.51 164   IFN10 <0.1 — — <0.0001 99.3 IFN53 100 300 500 15.3^(d) —

[0115] The antiviral activity of the duckweed-produced IFN was determined as follows. HuH7 cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. with 1,000 IU/ml of unpurified IFN from the duckweed media or Intron®A (Schering) as a control. The IFN was then removed and the cells were washed twice. The cells were subsequently infected with an RNA virus selected from Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), or Sindbis at a multiplicity of infection of 1.0 for 1 hour, at which time the virus innoculum was removed. The cells were then washed three times and allowed to grow for 24 hours at 37° C. The cells were harvested, lysed by six freeze/thaw cycles, and then cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Serial dilutions of the virus were then assayed for their cytopathic effect on monkey CV1 Vero cells. The duckweed-produced IFN exhibited similar antiviral activity to that observed for Intron®A.

[0116] The antiproliferative activity of the duckweed-produced IFN was determined as follows. Interferon-sensitive Daudi cells were seeded in microtiter plates at an initial concentration of 50,000 cells/ml. The culture were then either left untreated or were treated with 1000 IU of unpurified duckweed-produced IFN, Intron®A, or an equivalent volume of control media derived from non-transgenic plants grown under the same conditions as for the transgenic plants. After four days, the number of viable and dead cells were determined by the trypan blue-exclusion viability test.

EXAMPLE 5

[0117] Human growth hormone (hGH) was expressed in duckweed as follows. An expression vector for hGH was constructed by replacing the 5′-mas leader in pBMPSP3 with the leader from the ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase small subunit SB gene of Lemna gibba as described above for the IFN053 construct. The expression cassette contained synthetic duckweed codon-optimized sequences encoding the hGH signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:12) and the hGH polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:14). The amino acid sequence of the encoded proteins are given in SEQ ID NO:13 (hGH signal peptide) and SEQ ID NO:15 (hGH mature polypeptide). Transgenic duckweed lines expressing hGH were generated as described above.

[0118] The hGH concentration in the duckweed media was determined by ELISA using a kit available from Roche Diagnostics, Manheim, Germany. The levels of secreted hGH in the plant growth media were 609 mg/L before purification, and approximately 50% of the expressed hGH remained in the duckweed tissue. The duckweed-produced hGH protein products were also analyzed by Western blot analysis using a mouse anti-human hGH antibody available from United States Biological in Swampscott, Mass., and were shown to co-migrate with recombinant hGH produced in E. coli.

[0119] Activity of the duckweed-expressed hGH was determined by an NB2 lymphoma cell bioassay essentially as described by Aston et al. (1986) 64:227-34. The duckweed-produced hGH in an unpurified media sample showed a significant level of biological activity, similar to that seen for purified hGH produced in E. coli.

EXAMPLE 6

[0120] Fab-1 and Fab-2 fragments were expressed in Lemna from a dicistronic vector containing codon-optimized heavy and light chains of the Fab fragment. The expression vector for each Fab was constructed by replacing the 5′-mas leader in pBMPSP3 with the leader from the ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase small subunit 5B gene of Lemna gibba as described above for the IFN053 construct. The second expression cassette for expression of the light chain contained its own promoter and terminator and was inserted into the modified pBMSP3 vector in a head to tail configuration with the first expression cassette.

[0121] A duckweed codon optimized sequence encoding a rice α-amylase signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:3) was joined to the sequences encoding the heavy and light chain. Both the heavy and light chain sequences also contained codons optimized for expression in Lemna minor.

[0122] A quantitative western blot showed that the expressed Fab fragments represented up to 4% of the soluble protein, which translates into 8.62 grams of Fab fragment/kg of dry weight. The majority of the Fab was retained in the duckweed tissue. The western blot analysis showed that the duckweed-produced Fab fragments co-migrated with the corresponding Fab fragments produced in E. coli. The antigen-binding activity of the Fab fragments was confirmed by using the duckweed-produced Fab fragments to detect antigen on a Western blot.

EXAMPLE 7

[0123] Monoclonal antibodies were expressed in Lemna using the expression vector described above for Fab′ expression. The sequences encoding the heavy and light chains were both codon-optimized with Lemna-preferred codons. A quantitative western blot showed that the expressed mAb fragment represented up to 6.7% of the soluble protein. The majority of the mAb was retained in the duckweed tissue. A crude preparation of Lemna-produced mAb was analyzed by Western blot analysis. The preparation contained a high proportion of fully assembled mAb. In addition, the Lemna-produced mAb co-migrated with the mAb produced in CHO cells. The antigen-binding activity of the monoclonal antibodies was confirmed by using the duckweed-produced antibodies to detect antigen on a Western blot. Table 7 shows the expression level and antigen binding activity for three different monoclonal antibodies produced in duckweed. TABLE 7 Expression of monoclonal antibodies in Lemna Expression Level Antibody in Tissue Extracts Antigen Type (% of Total Soluble Protein) Binding IgG-1 5 Yes IgG1-2 6.7 Yes IgG2-1 2.2 Yes

EXAMPLE 8

[0124] The glycosylation pattern of a monoclonal antibody preparation produced as described above in Example 7 was analyzed and was determined to be both complex and homogenous. The effector function of the Lemna-produced monoclonal antibody preparation was then assayed using the rosetting assay as described in Pleass et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:23508-14, herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, antigen-coated polystyrene beads (10 μM, available from Polysciences, Inc. in Warrington, Pa.) are incubated with each test and control antibody, washed, and then incubated with with an adherent monocytic cell line or with human monocytes. This analysis showed that monoclonal antibodies produced in Lemna and containing native Lemna glycans have Fc effector function. This result is surprising in view of the fact that these antibodies were expressed in plants that had not been modified in any way to alter the endogenous Lemna glycosylation-related enzymes.

[0125] All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0126] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

1 16 1 554 DNA Zea mays 1 gatcaagtgc aaaggtccgc cttgtttctc ctctgtctct tgatctgact aatcttggtt 60 tatgattcgt tgagtaattt tggggaaagc ttcgtccaca gttttttttt cgatgaacag 120 tgccgcagtg gcgctgatct tgtatgctat cctgcaatcg tggtgaactt atgtctttta 180 tatccttcac taccatgaaa agactagtaa tctttctcga tgtaacatcg tccagcactg 240 ctattaccgt gtggtccatc cgacagtctg gctgaacaca tcatacgata ttgagcaaag 300 atctatcttc cctgttcttt aatgaaagac gtcattttca tcagtatgat ctaagaatgt 360 tgcaacttgc aaggaggcgt ttctttcttt gaatttaact aactcgttga gtggccctgt 420 ttctcggacg taaggccttt gctgctccac acatgtccat tcgaatttta ccgtgtttag 480 caagggcgaa aagtttgcat cttgatgatt tagcttgact atgcgattgc tttcctggac 540 ccgtgcagct gcgg 554 2 498 DNA Artificial Sequence Duckweed codon optimized nucleotide sequence encoding human alpha-2B interferon 2 tgc gac ctc ccc cag acc cac agc ctc ggg tcc cgc cgc acc ctc atg 48 Cys Asp Leu Pro Gln Thr His Ser Leu Gly Ser Arg Arg Thr Leu Met 1 5 10 15 ctg ctg gcg cag atg cgc cgc atc tcg ctc ttc agc tgc ctg aag gac 96 Leu Leu Ala Gln Met Arg Arg Ile Ser Leu Phe Ser Cys Leu Lys Asp 20 25 30 cgc cac gac ttc ggc ttc ccg cag gag gag ttc ggc aac cag ttc cag 144 Arg His Asp Phe Gly Phe Pro Gln Glu Glu Phe Gly Asn Gln Phe Gln 35 40 45 aag gcc gag acg atc ccc gtg ctc cac gag atg atc cag cag atc ttc 192 Lys Ala Glu Thr Ile Pro Val Leu His Glu Met Ile Gln Gln Ile Phe 50 55 60 aac ctg ttc agc acc aag gac agc tcg gcc gcc tgg gac gag acc ctg 240 Asn Leu Phe Ser Thr Lys Asp Ser Ser Ala Ala Trp Asp Glu Thr Leu 65 70 75 80 ctc gac aag ttc tac acc gag ctg tac cag cag ctc aac gac ctg gag 288 Leu Asp Lys Phe Tyr Thr Glu Leu Tyr Gln Gln Leu Asn Asp Leu Glu 85 90 95 gcg tgc gtg atc cag ggg gtt ggg gtt acg gag acg ccg ctg atg aag 336 Ala Cys Val Ile Gln Gly Val Gly Val Thr Glu Thr Pro Leu Met Lys 100 105 110 gag gac agc atc ctc gcc gtg cgc aag tac ttc cag cgc atc acg ctc 384 Glu Asp Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Arg Lys Tyr Phe Gln Arg Ile Thr Leu 115 120 125 tac ctc aag gag aag aag tac agc ccg tgc gcc tgg gag gtc gtt cgc 432 Tyr Leu Lys Glu Lys Lys Tyr Ser Pro Cys Ala Trp Glu Val Val Arg 130 135 140 gcc gag atc atg cgc tcc ttc agc ctg agc acc aac ctc cag gag agc 480 Ala Glu Ile Met Arg Ser Phe Ser Leu Ser Thr Asn Leu Gln Glu Ser 145 150 155 160 ctc cgc tcc aag gag taa 498 Leu Arg Ser Lys Glu * 165 3 96 DNA Oryza sativa 3 accatgcagg tcctgaacac gatggtcaac aagcacttcc tctccctgtc cgtcctcatc 60 gtcctcctcg ggctgagcag caacctcacc gccggc 96 4 188 PRT Homo sapiens 4 Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Ala Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Leu Val Leu Ser Cys 1 5 10 15 Lys Ser Ser Cys Ser Val Gly Cys Asp Leu Pro Gln Thr His Ser Leu 20 25 30 Gly Ser Arg Arg Thr Leu Met Leu Leu Ala Gln Met Arg Arg Ile Ser 35 40 45 Leu Phe Ser Cys Leu Lys Asp Arg His Asp Phe Gly Phe Pro Gln Glu 50 55 60 Glu Phe Gly Asn Gln Phe Gln Lys Ala Glu Thr Ile Pro Val Leu His 65 70 75 80 Glu Met Ile Gln Gln Ile Phe Asn Leu Phe Ser Thr Lys Asp Ser Ser 85 90 95 Ala Ala Trp Asp Glu Thr Leu Leu Asp Lys Phe Tyr Thr Glu Leu Tyr 100 105 110 Gln Gln Leu Asn Asp Leu Glu Ala Cys Val Ile Gln Gly Val Gly Val 115 120 125 Thr Glu Thr Pro Leu Met Lys Glu Asp Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Arg Lys 130 135 140 Tyr Phe Gln Arg Ile Thr Leu Tyr Leu Lys Glu Lys Lys Tyr Ser Pro 145 150 155 160 Cys Ala Trp Glu Val Val Arg Ala Glu Ile Met Arg Ser Phe Ser Leu 165 170 175 Ser Thr Asn Leu Gln Glu Ser Leu Arg Ser Lys Glu 180 185 5 165 PRT Homo sapiens 5 Cys Asp Leu Pro Gln Thr His Ser Leu Gly Ser Arg Arg Thr Leu Met 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Ala Gln Met Arg Arg Ile Ser Leu Phe Ser Cys Leu Lys Asp 20 25 30 Arg His Asp Phe Gly Phe Pro Gln Glu Glu Phe Gly Asn Gln Phe Gln 35 40 45 Lys Ala Glu Thr Ile Pro Val Leu His Glu Met Ile Gln Gln Ile Phe 50 55 60 Asn Leu Phe Ser Thr Lys Asp Ser Ser Ala Ala Trp Asp Glu Thr Leu 65 70 75 80 Leu Asp Lys Phe Tyr Thr Glu Leu Tyr Gln Gln Leu Asn Asp Leu Glu 85 90 95 Ala Cys Val Ile Gln Gly Val Gly Val Thr Glu Thr Pro Leu Met Lys 100 105 110 Glu Asp Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Arg Lys Tyr Phe Gln Arg Ile Thr Leu 115 120 125 Tyr Leu Lys Glu Lys Lys Tyr Ser Pro Cys Ala Trp Glu Val Val Arg 130 135 140 Ala Glu Ile Met Arg Ser Phe Ser Leu Ser Thr Asn Leu Gln Glu Ser 145 150 155 160 Leu Arg Ser Lys Glu 165 6 31 PRT Oryza sativa 6 Met Gln Val Leu Asn Thr Met Val Asn Lys His Phe Leu Ser Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 Val Leu Ile Val Leu Leu Gly Leu Ser Ser Asn Leu Thr Ala Gly 20 25 30 7 31 PRT Artificial Sequence Modified rice alpha-amylase signal peptide 7 Met Gln Val Leu Asn Thr Met Val Asn Lys His Phe Leu Ser Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 Val Leu Ile Val Leu Thr Val Leu Ser Ser Asn Leu Thr Ala Gly 20 25 30 8 21 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 8 Met Lys Thr Asn Leu Phe Leu Phe Leu Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Ser Ala Glu 20 9 498 DNA Homo sapiens 9 tgtgatctgc ctcaaaccca cagcctgggt agcaggagga ccttgatgct cctggcacag 60 atgaggagaa tctctctttt ctcctgcttg aaggacagac atgactttgg atttccccag 120 gaggagtttg gcaaccagtt ccaaaaggct gaaaccatcc ctgtcctcca tgagatgatc 180 cagcagatct tcaatctctt cagcacaaag gactcatctg ctgcttggga tgagaccctc 240 ctagacaaat tctacactga actctaccag cagctgaatg acctggaagc ctgtgtgata 300 cagggggtgg gggtgacaga gactcccctg atgaaggagg actccattct ggctgtgagg 360 aaatacttcc aaagaatcac tctctatctg aaagagaaga aatacagccc ttgtgcctgg 420 gaggttgtca gagcagaaat catgagatct ttttctttgt caacaaactt gcaagaaagt 480 ttaagaagta aggaatga 498 10 569 DNA Homo sapiens 10 atggccttga cctttgcttt actggtggcc ctcctggtgc tcagctgcaa gtcaagctgc 60 tctgtgggct gtgatctgcc tcaaacccac agcctgggta gcaggaggac cttgatgctc 120 ctggcacaga tgaggagaat ctctcttttc tcctgcttga aggacagaca tgactttgga 180 tttccccagg aggagtttgg caaccagttc caaaaggctg aaaccatccc tgtcctccat 240 gagatgatcc agcagatctt caatctcttc agcacaaagg actcatctgc tgcttgggat 300 gagaccctcc tagacaaatt ctacactgaa ctctaccagc agctgaatga cctggaagcc 360 tgtgtgatac agggggtggg ggtgacagag actcccctga tgaaggagga ctccattctg 420 gctgtgagga aatacttcca aagaatcact ctctatctga aagagaagaa atacagccct 480 tgtgcctggg aggttgtcag agcagaaatc atgagatctt tttctttgtc aacaaacttg 540 caagaaagtt taagaagtaa ggaatgaaa 569 11 62 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana 11 atgaagacta atctttttct ctttctcatc ttttcacttc tcctatcatt atcctcggcc 60 ga 62 12 78 DNA Artificial Sequence CDS (1)...(78) Duckweed codon optimized sequence encoding hGH signal peptide 12 atg gcg acc ggg tcc cgc acc tcc ctc ctc ctg gcc ttc ggc ctg ctc 48 Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 tgc ctg ccc tgg ctc cag gag ggc tcc gcg 78 Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Ser Ala 20 25 13 26 PRT Homo sapiens 13 Met Ala Thr Gly Ser Arg Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Cys Leu Pro Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Ser Ala 20 25 14 573 DNA Artificial Sequence CDS (1)...(573) Duckweed codon optimized sequence encoding mature hGH 14 ttc ccg acc atc ccc ctg agc cgc ctg ttc gac aac gcg atg ctg cgg 48 Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu Ser Arg Leu Phe Asp Asn Ala Met Leu Arg 1 5 10 15 gcc cac cgc ctc cac cag ctg gcc ttc gac acc tac cag gag ttc gag 96 Ala His Arg Leu His Gln Leu Ala Phe Asp Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu 20 25 30 gag gcc tac atc ccc aag gag cag aag tac tcc ttc ctg cag aac ccc 144 Glu Ala Tyr Ile Pro Lys Glu Gln Lys Tyr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro 35 40 45 cag acc agc ctc tgc ttc tcc gag tcc atc ccc acc ccg tcc aac cgc 192 Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe Ser Glu Ser Ile Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn Arg 50 55 60 gag gag acg cag cag aag agc aac ctg gag ctg ctc cgc atc tcc ctg 240 Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu Arg Ile Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 ctg ctc atc cag tcc tgg ctc gag ccc gtc cag ttc ctc cgc tcc gtc 288 Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp Leu Glu Pro Val Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser Val 85 90 95 ttc gcc aac tcg ctc gtg tac ggg gcc tcc gac tcc aac gtc tac gac 336 Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu Val Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp 100 105 110 ctc ctg aag gac ctc gag gag ggg atc cag acc ctc atg ggg cgc ctc 384 Leu Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu Glu Gly Ile Gln Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu 115 120 125 gag gac ggc tcc ccc cgc acc ggc cag atc ttc aag cag acc tac tcc 432 Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg Thr Gly Gln Ile Phe Lys Gln Thr Tyr Ser 130 135 140 aag ttc gac acc aac agc cac aac gac gac gcc ctc ctc aag aac tac 480 Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn Ser His Asn Asp Asp Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr 145 150 155 160 ggg ctg ctc tac tgc ttc cgg aag gac atg gac aag gtc gag acc ttc 528 Gly Leu Leu Tyr Cys Phe Arg Lys Asp Met Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe 165 170 175 ctc cgc atc gtg cag tgc cgc tcc gtg gag ggc tcc tgc ggc ttc 573 Leu Arg Ile Val Gln Cys Arg Ser Val Glu Gly Ser Cys Gly Phe 180 185 190 15 191 PRT Homo sapiens 15 Phe Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu Ser Arg Leu Phe Asp Asn Ala Met Leu Arg 1 5 10 15 Ala His Arg Leu His Gln Leu Ala Phe Asp Thr Tyr Gln Glu Phe Glu 20 25 30 Glu Ala Tyr Ile Pro Lys Glu Gln Lys Tyr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asn Pro 35 40 45 Gln Thr Ser Leu Cys Phe Ser Glu Ser Ile Pro Thr Pro Ser Asn Arg 50 55 60 Glu Glu Thr Gln Gln Lys Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu Arg Ile Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Leu Leu Ile Gln Ser Trp Leu Glu Pro Val Gln Phe Leu Arg Ser Val 85 90 95 Phe Ala Asn Ser Leu Val Tyr Gly Ala Ser Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Asp 100 105 110 Leu Leu Lys Asp Leu Glu Glu Gly Ile Gln Thr Leu Met Gly Arg Leu 115 120 125 Glu Asp Gly Ser Pro Arg Thr Gly Gln Ile Phe Lys Gln Thr Tyr Ser 130 135 140 Lys Phe Asp Thr Asn Ser His Asn Asp Asp Ala Leu Leu Lys Asn Tyr 145 150 155 160 Gly Leu Leu Tyr Cys Phe Arg Lys Asp Met Asp Lys Val Glu Thr Phe 165 170 175 Leu Arg Ile Val Gln Cys Arg Ser Val Glu Gly Ser Cys Gly Phe 180 185 190 16 63 DNA Lemna gibba 16 gaaactcccg aggtgagcaa ggatccggag tcgagcgcga agaagagaaa gagggaaagc 60 gcg 63 

What is claimed is:
 1. A recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function, wherein said recombinant monoclonal antibody is produced by expression in duckweed.
 2. A composition comprising the recombinant monoclonal antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 3. A method of producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function in a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture, comprising the steps of: (a) culturing within a duckweed culture medium a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture, wherein said duckweed plant culture or said duckweed nodule culture is stably transformed to express said monoclonal antibody, and wherein said monoclonal antibody is expressed from one or more nucleotide sequences comprising a coding sequence for a chain of the monoclonal antibody; and (b) collecting said antibody from the duckweed culture.
 4. The method according to claim 3, where said one or more nucleotide sequences comprising a coding sequence for a chain of the monoclonal antibody are operably linked to a coding sequence for a signal peptide that directs secretion of the monoclonal antibody into the culture medium.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein said one or more nucleotide sequences have at least one attribute selected from the group consisting of: (a) duckweed-preferred codons in the coding sequence for the chain of the antibody; (b) duckweed-preferred codons in the coding sequence for said signal peptide; (c) a translation initiation codon that is flanked by a plant-preferred translation initiation context nucleotide sequence; (d) an operably linked nucleotide sequence comprising a plant intron that is inserted upstream of the coding sequence; and (e) an operably linked nucleotide sequence comprising the leader sequence from the ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase small subunit 5B gene of Lemna gibba.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said duckweed-preferred codons are Lemna gibba-preferred codons or Lemna minor-preferred codons.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the coding sequence comprises between 70% and 100% Lemna gibba-preferred codons or Lemna minor-preferred codons.
 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein said plant-preferred translation initiation context nucleotide sequence consists of the nucleotide sequence “ACC” or “ACA”, wherein said context is positioned immediately adjacent to the 5′ end of the translation initiation codon.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said operably linked nucleotide sequence comprising said plant intron is the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
 10. The method according to claim 3, wherein the heavy chain and light chain of the monoclonal antibody are expressed and assembled in said duckweed frond culture or said duckweed nodule culture.
 11. The method according to claim 3, wherein the antibody is a human antibody.
 12. The method according to claim 4, wherein said signal peptide sequence has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.
 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the coding sequence for the signal peptide comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
 14. The stably transformed duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture according to claim
 3. 15. The stably transformed duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture according to claim
 4. 16. The stably transformed duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture according to claim
 5. 17. The stably transformed duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture according to claim 14, wherein said duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture is selected from the group consisting of the genus Spirodela, genus Wolffia, genus Wolfiella, and genus Lemna.
 18. The stably transformed duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture according to claim 17, wherein said duckweed plant culture or duckweed nodule culture is selected from the group consisting of Lemna minor, Lemna miniscula, Lemna aequinoctialis, and Lemna gibba.
 19. A recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function produced according to the method of claim
 3. 20. A recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function produced according to the method of claim
 4. 21. A recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function produced according to the method of claim
 5. 22. The recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function according to claim 1, wherein said recombinant monoclonal antibody is produced in duckweed that has not been genetically modified to alter the glycosylation of the recombinant monoclonal antibody.
 23. The method of producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function in a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture according to claim 3, wherein said duckweed plant culture or said duckweed nodule culture has not been genetically modified to alter the glycosylation of the recombinant monoclonal antibody.
 24. The method of producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function in a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture according to claim 4, wherein said duckweed plant culture or said duckweed nodule culture has not been genetically modified to alter the glycosylation of the recombinant monoclonal antibody.
 25. The method of producing a recombinant monoclonal antibody having effector function in a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture according to claim 5, wherein said duckweed plant culture or said duckweed nodule culture has not been genetically modified to alter the glycosylation of the recombinant monoclonal antibody. 